Celtic transfer model ranked among European elite as £174m valuation eclipses Rangers rating

A study by the CIES Football Observatory has ranked Celtic's player trading model among Europe's elite, recording an overall transfer appreciation of £174m (€206m). This includes a positive £85m balance on past transfers and an estimated £88m increase in the value of current squad members, placing Celtic ahead of major continental clubs like Borussia Dortmund, Chelsea, and AC Milan.

The Scottish champions have generated significant revenue through high-profile sales such as Matt O'Riley, Jota, and Nicolas Kuhn. Rangers were the only other Scottish Premiership club to feature on the list with an £81m combined transfer appreciation, while Eintracht Frankfurt led the overall European rankings.